Glossary

When you’re new to tech, it can feel like you’ve stumbled into a conversation where everyone knows what they’re talking about—except, of course, you.

Sometimes a short and simple explanation is all you need to get your head around a new concept.

HTML

HyperText Markup Language is the document standard of the World Wide Web for creating web pages and web applications.

Web browsers receive HTML documents from a web server or from local storage and render the documents into multimedia web pages. HTML describes the structure of a web page semantically.

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CSS

A stylesheet language that is used for presentation and formatting content on the web-pages, including font, size, color, spacing, border and location of HTML information.

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Javascript

A client-side scripting language primarily used to make web pages interactive. In other words, it's responsible for the 'behavior' of a website, i.e. how HTML elements and CSS style animate and move around on the page.

Node.js

Node.js is an open-source, cross-platform, JavaScript runtime environment that executes JavaScript code outside of a web browser.

Node.js lets developers use JavaScript to write command line tools and for server-side scripting—running scripts server-side to produce dynamic web page content before the page is sent to the user's web browser.

Consequently, Node.js represents a "JavaScript everywhere" paradigm, unifying web-application development around a single programming language, rather than different languages for server-side and client-side scripts.

Vue.js

Vue.js is an open-source Model–View–Viewmodel JavaScript framework for building user interfaces and single-page applications.

React.js

React is a JavaScript library for building user interfaces.

React can also render on the server using Node and power mobile apps using React Native.

Angular

A client-side JavaScript framework which is based on MVC architecture. It simplifies web development by offering automatic view/model synchronization.

Rust

Systems programming language sponsored by Mozilla Research, which describes it as a "safe, concurrent, practical language," supporting functional and imperative-procedural paradigms. Systems programming language that runs blazingly fast, prevents segfaults, and guarantees thread safety.

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C

General-purpose, high-level language that was originally designed to develop the UNIX operating system at Bell Labs. C has now become a widely used professional language because it’s easy to learn and can handle low-level activities.

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C++

An object-oriented programming language and incorporates all the features offered by C. C++ started its journey as C with classes. Gradually, it has evolved and despite the popularity of other programming languages like C# and Java, C, C++ holds its own as one of the most widely used languages for scripting. In applications, C++ is ubiquitous.

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Docker

A software virtualization platform that allows user create a container inside your computer. Container is a small virtual computer with it’s own OS and all setup that is needed, where the user can run any software as on the usual computer..

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Shell

A software interface that enables the user to interact with the computer, it provides UI for access to an OS's services. Shells use either a command-line interface or GUI, it is an environment in which we can run our commands, programs, and shell scripts.

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Bash

Bourne-Again SHell is the most popular command shell in unix-like systems, especially in GNU / Linux. BASH is not only a command shell, it is also an excellent scripting programming language.

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Shell script

A command-line interpreter, contains a sequence of commands for a Unix-based operating system, usually created for command sequences for which a user has a repeated need

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Open Source

A software development model, that is decentralized and encourages open collaboration. Any program whose source code is freely available to the public. Unlike commercial software, they can be used and modified by anyone and are often developed as a community rather than by a single organization.

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Linux

Unix-like operating system based on the Linux kernel, including one or another set of utilities and GNU project programs, and other components. Like the Linux kernel, systems based on it are generally created and distributed in accordance with the model of free and open source.

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Front End

Front-end is a term that involves the building of webpages and user interfaces for web-applications. It implements the structure, design, behavior, and animation of everything you see on the screen when you open up websites, web applications, or mobile apps. The core 3 technologies that all modern front-end web developers work to master are HTML5, CSS, and JavaScript.

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Back End

Or the 'server-side' of website development. Basically it is the programming that users don’t see in the browser, but what also powers the website. Back-end facilitates communication between the browser and server, provides smooth functionality akin to a desktop application.

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DevOps

Development + Operations. Software development method that emphasizes communication, collaboration, integration and automation. The method acknowledges the interdependence of software development, QA, and IT operations, and aims to help an organization rapidly produce software products and services and to improve operations performance.

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Semantic Markup

Semantics refers to the correct interpretation of the meaning of a word or sentence.

To use a word semantically is to use it in a way that is properly aligned with the meaning of the word. When we misuse a word we are not using it semantically.

Many HTML tags have semantic meaning. That is, the element itself conveys some information about the type of content contained between the opening and closing tags.

Read more about Semantic Markup in HTML

Bayesian Statistics

Bayesian statistics is a theory in the field of statistics based on the Bayesian interpretation of probability where probability expresses a degree of belief in an event.

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Big Data

A term that describes the large volume of data – both structured and unstructured – that inundates a business on a day-to-day basis. Can be analyzed for insights that lead to better decisions and strategic business moves.

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Computer Vision

Computer vision is a field of computer science that works on enabling computers to see, identify, and process images in the same way that human vision does, and then provide appropriate output.

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Convolutional Neural Network

Convolutional neural network (CNN, or ConvNet) is a class of deep neural networks, most commonly applied to analyzing visual imagery.

They have applications in image and video recognition, recommender systems, image classification, medical image analysis, and natural language processing.

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Data Structure

A specialized format for organizing and storing data. Serves as the basis for abstract data types.

General data structure types include the array, the file, the record, the table, the tree, and so on.

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Data Visualization

Data visualization is the graphical representation of information and data.

By using visual elements like charts, graphs, and maps, data visualization tools provide an accessible way to see and understand trends, outliers, and patterns in data.

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Hadoop

An open-source software framework that is used for distributed storage and processing of big data sets across clusters of computers using simple programming models.

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Neural Networks

Neural networks(NN) are a set of algorithms, modeled loosely after the human brain, that are designed to recognize patterns. They interpret sensory data through a kind of machine perception, labeling or clustering raw input.

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Pattern Recognition

Pattern recognition is the process of recognizing patterns by using machine learning algorithm.

Pattern recognition can be defined as the classification of data based on knowledge already gained or on statistical information extracted from patterns and/or their representation.

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Random Forest

Pattern recognition is the process of recognizing patterns by using machine learning algorithm.

Pattern recognition can be defined as the classification of data based on knowledge already gained or on statistical information extracted from patterns and/or their representation.

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Statistical Modeling

Statistical modeling is a simplified, mathematically-formalized way to approximate reality (i.e. what generates your data) and optionally to make predictions from this approximation.

The statistical model is the mathematical equation that is used.

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Time Series Analysis

Time series analysis is a statistical technique that deals with time series data, or trend analysis.

There are two main goals of time series analysis:

• Identifying the nature of the phenomenon represented by the sequence of observations
• Forecasting (predicting future values of the time series variable).

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Blockchain

Altcoin

Altcoin is an abbreviation of “Bitcoin alternative”.

Currently, the majority of altcoins are forks of Bitcoin with usually minor changes to the proof of work (POW) algorithm of the Bitcoin blockchain.

The most prominent altcoin is Litecoin. Litecoin introduces changes to the original Bitcoin protocol such as decreased block generation time, increased maximum number of coins and different hashing algorithm.

From Blockchain Hub

ASIC

An “Application Specific Integrated Circuit” is a silicon chip specifically designed to do a single task.

In the case of Bitcoin, they are designed to process SHA-256 hashing problems to mine new bitcoins. ASICs are considered to be much more efficient than conventional hardware(CPUs, GPUs).

Using a regular computer for Bitcoin mining is seen as unprofitable and only results in higher electricity bills.

From Blockchain Hub

Bitcoin

Bitcoin is a decentralized digital currency without a central bank or single administrator that can be sent from user to user on the peer-to-peer bitcoin network without the need for intermediaries.

Bitcoin is a cryptocurrency that:

• Runs on a global peer to peer network
• Is decentralised (no single entity can control it)
• Is open source
• Bypasses middlemen or central authority with no issuer or acquirer
• Anyone with a computer or smartphone can use it

From Blockchain Hub

Ethereum

Ethereum is an open software platform based on blockchain technology that enables developers to write smart contracts and build and deploy decentralized applications(Dapps).

The native token of the blockchain is called Ether which is used to pay for transaction fees, miner rewards and other services on the network.

The main innovation of Ethereum is the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) which runs on the Ethereum network and enables anyone to run any application. The EVM makes the process of developing blockchain applications much easier.

Before the emergence of Ethereum, developers had to develop a dedicated blockchain for each application they wanted to create. This process is time-consuming and resource-intensive.

As opposed to Bitcoin, its scripting language is Turing-complete and full-featured, expanding the kinds of smart contracts that it can support. The Ethereum project wants to “decentralize the web” by introducing four components as part of its roadmap:

• Static content publication
• Dynamic messages
• Trustless transactions
• An integrated user-interface

From Blockchain Hub

Unix

Family of portable, multitasking and multi-user operating systems. The ideas behind UNIX had a huge impact on the development of computer operating systems. Currently, UNIX-systems are recognized as one of the most historically important OS.

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